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french playing cards
French playing cards (''jeu de cartes'') are cards that use the French suits of ''trèfles'' (clovers or clubs), ''carreaux'' (tiles or diamonds), ''cœurs'' (hearts), and ''piques'' (pikes or spades). Each suit contains three face cards; the ''Valet'' (Knave or Jack), the ''Dame'' (Lady or Queen), and the ''Roi'' (King). Aside from these aspects, decks can include a wide variety of regional and national patterns which often have different deck sizes. In comparison to Spanish, Italian, German, and Swiss playing cards, French cards are the most widespread due to the geopolitical, commercial, and cultural influence of France and the United Kingdom in the past two centuries. Another reason for their expansion was the simplicity of the suit insignia which simplifies mass production and the popularity of Whist, Contract Bridge, and the recent Poker boom.
==History==
Playing cards arrived in Europe from Mamluk Egypt around 1370 and were already reported in France in 1377.〔(Introduction of Playing-Cards to Europe )〕 The French suit insignia was derived from German suits around 1480.〔(History of playing cards )〕
One of the most distinguishing features of the French cards is the Queen. Mamluk cards and their derivatives, the Latin suited and German suited cards, all have three male face cards. Queens began appearing in tarot decks in the early 15th century and some German decks replaced two kings with queens. While other decks abandoned the Queen in non-tarot decks, the French kept them and dropped the Knight as the middle face card. Face card design was heavily influenced by Spanish cards that used to circulate in France. One of the most obvious traits inherited from Spain are the standing kings. Kings from Italian, Portuguese, or Germanic cards are seated.
Starting from 1745, cards became reversible, relieving players from having to flip face cards right side up.〔(Brief history of playing cards )〕 In the 19th century, corner indices and rounded corners were added. The index for Aces and face cards usually follow the local language but many decks of the Parisian pattern use the numeral "1" for aces. Finnish cards use 11, 12, and 13 on the indices of their face cards.〔(Finnish playing cards )〕
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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